Introduction
Vaccinations are an important part of preventive healthcare at every stage of life. Although many people associate vaccines with childhood, adults also need immunizations to maintain protection against certain infectious diseases. Immunity from some childhood vaccines can decrease over time, while other vaccines become particularly important as people age or develop specific medical conditions.
Keeping vaccinations up to date can help protect you from preventable illnesses, reduce the risk of serious complications, and protect vulnerable people around you. The vaccines you need depend on several factors, including your age, previous vaccination history, medical conditions, occupation, travel plans, and local public health recommendations.
Understanding which vaccinations adults should keep up to date can help you have a more informed conversation with your healthcare provider and make immunization part of your regular preventive care plan.
Why Are Adult Vaccinations Important?
Adult vaccinations help maintain protection against infections that can cause significant illness, hospitalization, or long-term complications.
There are several reasons to review your vaccination status regularly.
- Protection can change over time: Immunity from certain vaccines may decrease, making booster doses necessary.
- Health risks evolve with age: Older adults and people with certain chronic conditions may face a greater risk of severe infections.
- Some vaccines are specific to life stages: Pregnancy, older age, and particular medical conditions can change vaccination recommendations.
- Travel and work can affect risk: International travel and some occupations may create additional vaccination needs.
- Incomplete childhood records are common: Adults who missed vaccines or cannot confirm their previous doses may need catch-up vaccination.
Vaccination recommendations differ across countries. Your healthcare provider can help you determine which vaccines are appropriate based on current local guidance and your individual circumstances.
Which Vaccinations Should Adults Keep Up to Date?
The following vaccines are important for many adults, although not every vaccine is recommended for every person.
1. Influenza Vaccine
The influenza vaccine, commonly called the flu shot, helps protect against seasonal influenza. Flu can cause fever, cough, body aches, and fatigue, and it may lead to serious complications in some people.
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for many adult populations, particularly older adults, pregnant people, healthcare workers, and individuals with certain chronic medical conditions. The appropriate formulation and timing depend on age, health status, and local recommendations.
Because circulating influenza viruses change over time, the vaccine is updated periodically. Ask your healthcare provider or local health service when seasonal vaccination is available.
2. Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccines
Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis are bacterial infections that can cause serious health problems.
Adults should review their vaccination history to confirm that they have received the recommended tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis protection.
Depending on the country’s schedule and the person’s previous doses, an adult may need a dose of Tdap, which protects against all three diseases, followed by tetanus and diphtheria boosters at recommended intervals. In the United States, for example, adults generally receive one Tdap dose if they have not previously received one, followed by Td or Tdap boosters every 10 years.
Additional vaccination may be needed after certain wounds. Tdap is also recommended during each pregnancy in many national guidelines to help protect newborns against pertussis.
3. Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can become chronic and increase the risk of liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Hepatitis B vaccination can help prevent infection. It is particularly important for people who have not completed the recommended vaccine series and for those with certain exposure risks.
Risk factors may include occupational exposure to blood, household or sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis B, certain medical conditions, and other circumstances identified by a healthcare provider.
The number of doses depends on the vaccine product and the recommended schedule. If you are unsure whether you were vaccinated, discuss your records and whether vaccination or testing is appropriate.
4. Hepatitis A Vaccine
Hepatitis A is a viral infection that affects the liver and is often transmitted through contaminated food or water or close contact with an infected person.
Hepatitis A vaccination may be recommended for adults who travel to areas where the infection is more common, have certain medical or exposure risks, or want protection where the vaccine is available and appropriate.
Travelers should discuss their plans with a healthcare professional early enough to receive recommended doses before departure. The appropriate schedule depends on the vaccine used and individual circumstances.
5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a common virus. Certain types can cause cancers, including cervical, anal, and some throat cancers, while other types cause genital warts.
HPV vaccination is most effective when given before exposure to the virus, which is why it is routinely recommended during adolescence in many countries. Adults who were not vaccinated earlier may still benefit.
Eligibility and recommendations for catch-up vaccination vary by country and age. In some guidelines, adults beyond the routine vaccination age can discuss the potential benefits with their healthcare provider.
The HPV vaccine prevents new infections; it does not treat an existing HPV infection or related disease.
6. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. These infections can lead to serious complications, and measles in particular can spread rapidly among people who are not immune.
Adults who lack reliable evidence of vaccination or immunity may need one or more doses, depending on their age, medical history, occupation, and exposure risk.
This vaccine is especially relevant for some healthcare workers, international travelers, and people exposed to outbreaks. Because MMR is a live vaccine, it is generally not given during pregnancy or to certain people with severely weakened immune systems.
If you are planning a pregnancy, ask your healthcare provider to review your immunity and vaccination history in advance.
7. Varicella (Chickenpox) Vaccine
Varicella is the virus that causes chickenpox. Although often associated with childhood, chickenpox can cause more serious illness in adults.
Adults who have neither reliable evidence of immunity nor a history of appropriate vaccination may be advised to receive the varicella vaccine.
Recommendations depend on previous infection, vaccination records, age, and medical circumstances. The vaccine is generally unsuitable during pregnancy and for some people with weakened immune systems.
If you are uncertain whether you have had chickenpox or been vaccinated, your healthcare provider can help determine whether additional assessment is needed.
8. Shingles Vaccine
Shingles occurs when the varicella-zoster virus, which remains in the body after chickenpox, becomes active again. It can cause a painful rash and, in some cases, persistent nerve pain known as postherpetic neuralgia.
Shingles vaccination is recommended for eligible older adults in many countries. Some guidelines also recommend it for younger adults with particular immune-related conditions.
The recombinant shingles vaccine is given as a two-dose series in the United States, with timing between doses determined by the applicable guidance. Other countries may have different eligibility criteria or availability.
Ask your provider whether you are eligible, particularly if you have a history of shingles or a condition that affects your immune system.
9. Pneumococcal Vaccine
Pneumococcal bacteria can cause infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and meningitis. The risk of serious disease is higher in some older adults and people with certain health conditions.
Pneumococcal vaccination may be recommended based on age, chronic illness, immune status, smoking history, and previous pneumococcal vaccines.
The vaccine product and number of doses depend on the person’s vaccination history and the applicable national recommendations. If you have a chronic heart or lung condition, diabetes, or an immune-related condition, ask whether pneumococcal vaccination is appropriate for you.
10. COVID-19 Vaccine
COVID-19 vaccination can help reduce the risk of severe illness and complications from COVID-19. Recommendations may change as new vaccine formulations become available and public health guidance is updated.
Eligibility, dose timing, and the number of doses recommended can vary according to age, previous vaccination, prior infection, immune status, and other risk factors.
Older adults and people with certain underlying medical conditions may have a higher risk of severe disease. Consult your local health authority or healthcare provider for current recommendations rather than relying on an outdated schedule.
11. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine
Respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV, can cause respiratory illness and may lead to serious complications in older adults and certain other groups.
RSV vaccination recommendations vary by country. In some guidelines, vaccination is recommended for older adults based on age and risk, and certain recommendations also address pregnancy to help protect newborns.
Not every adult needs this vaccine. Your provider can assess your age, medical conditions, pregnancy status where relevant, and local guidance to determine whether it is appropriate.
12. Meningococcal Vaccine
Meningococcal disease can cause serious infections, including meningitis and bloodstream infection.
Meningococcal vaccination is generally recommended for specific groups rather than every adult. These may include people with particular immune conditions, certain laboratory or occupational exposures, and travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is a concern.
Some countries also have vaccination requirements or recommendations for particular religious pilgrimages and mass gatherings. Travelers should check the current entry requirements and public health guidance before departure.
13. Polio Vaccine
Polio is a viral disease that can affect the nervous system and cause paralysis. Although many countries have eliminated local transmission, poliovirus continues to circulate in some regions.
Adults who did not complete their primary polio vaccination series may need catch-up doses. Some previously vaccinated adults may also be advised to receive a booster before travel to areas with poliovirus circulation, depending on current guidance.
Travelers should consult a healthcare professional or travel health clinic before departure, particularly when traveling to regions where polio remains a concern.
Adult Vaccinations by Age Group
Age is one factor healthcare providers consider when reviewing vaccination needs. The following overview is a general guide, not a universal schedule.
| Adult age group | Vaccines to discuss |
| Ages 18–26 | Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis; HPV catch-up; hepatitis B; MMR, varicella, and other catch-up vaccines if needed; seasonal or risk-based vaccines |
| Ages 27–49 | Tetanus boosters; influenza; hepatitis B if not adequately vaccinated; HPV for eligible adults; other vaccines based on health and exposure risks |
| Ages 50–64 | Routine boosters and seasonal vaccines; shingles and pneumococcal vaccination when indicated by local guidance; additional vaccines based on medical history |
| Ages 65 and older | Influenza and other age-appropriate vaccines; pneumococcal, shingles, RSV, and other vaccines according to current national recommendations |
Exact age thresholds and recommendations differ between countries. Pregnancy, immune suppression, chronic disease, travel, and incomplete vaccination can change which vaccines are appropriate within any age group.
How to Find Out Which Vaccines You Need
You do not need to work out your vaccination schedule alone. A primary care provider or vaccination clinic can review your history and help you decide what is due.
Step 1: Gather Your Vaccination Records
Look for childhood immunization cards, previous clinic records, vaccination certificates, and documentation of any recent doses. Even partial records can be useful.
Step 2: Review Your Medical History
Tell your provider about chronic conditions, allergies, medications that affect your immune system, pregnancy plans, and any previous serious reactions to vaccines.
Step 3: Discuss Work and Travel Risks
Some occupations and destinations create additional exposure risks. Mention healthcare work, laboratory work, planned international travel, or attendance at large gatherings when relevant.
Step 4: Ask About Catch-Up Vaccination
If you missed recommended doses, your provider can determine whether you need catch-up vaccination. In many cases, a delayed vaccine series does not need to be restarted from the beginning, although the correct approach depends on the vaccine and schedule.
Step 5: Plan Follow-Up Doses
Some vaccines require multiple doses or periodic boosters. Keep a record of the vaccines you receive and ask when the next dose is due.
Are Adult Vaccines Safe?
Vaccines authorized for use by national regulatory authorities are evaluated for safety and effectiveness. Most side effects are mild and temporary, such as soreness at the injection site, fatigue, or a low-grade fever.
Serious allergic reactions are rare but can occur. Before vaccination, tell the healthcare professional about any severe allergic reaction to a previous dose or vaccine ingredient, as well as any relevant medical conditions.
Some vaccines are not appropriate for certain people. For example, live vaccines may be unsuitable during pregnancy or for people with particular immune deficiencies. Your provider can assess precautions, possible interactions, and the benefits and risks of each vaccine.
If you experience difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, or other signs of a severe allergic reaction after vaccination, seek emergency medical care.
Common Myths About Adult Vaccination
Myth 1: Vaccines Are Only for Children
Fact: Adults may need boosters, catch-up doses, seasonal vaccines, or immunizations related to age, health conditions, and travel.
Myth 2: A Healthy Lifestyle Makes Vaccination Unnecessary
Fact: Healthy habits support overall well-being but do not replace vaccine-specific protection against infectious diseases.
Myth 3: If I Cannot Find My Vaccination Records, I Cannot Get Vaccinated
Fact: Missing records do not automatically prevent vaccination. Your healthcare provider can review your circumstances and determine whether vaccination, testing for immunity, or another approach is appropriate.
Myth 4: Everyone Needs Every Available Vaccine
Fact: Vaccine recommendations depend on individual risk and local guidance. Some vaccines are routine for broad age groups, while others are recommended only for certain people or situations.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Which vaccines should adults receive every year?
Seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended annually for many adults. COVID-19 recommendations may also include updated doses, depending on current national guidance and individual risk. Other vaccines are usually given according to a different schedule.
2. How often should adults get a tetanus booster?
In the United States, adults who have completed the primary series generally receive a Td or Tdap booster every 10 years. Wounds, pregnancy, incomplete vaccination, and local recommendations may change the timing or vaccine needed.
3. Do adults need vaccines if they received all their childhood shots?
Possibly. Some vaccines require boosters, and others may be recommended later in life or for specific risks. Adults may also need vaccines that were not routinely available when they were children.
4. Which vaccines are important before international travel?
Travel-related vaccines depend on the destination, trip duration, activities, previous vaccination, and current disease risks. Depending on the itinerary, a healthcare provider may discuss hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, meningococcal, or other vaccines. Arrange a travel health consultation well before departure whenever possible.
5. Can adults receive multiple vaccines during one visit?
In many cases, yes. Several vaccines can be administered during the same visit when appropriate, but timing and compatibility depend on the specific vaccines and the individual’s health. A healthcare professional can help plan the schedule.
6. What should I do if I missed a vaccine dose?
Contact your healthcare provider or vaccination clinic. Many vaccine series can be continued after a delay without starting over, but the appropriate plan depends on the vaccine, previous doses, and local guidance.
7. Should adults with chronic illnesses receive additional vaccines?
Some chronic illnesses increase the risk of severe infection or affect which vaccines are recommended. People with diabetes, heart or lung disease, liver disease, kidney disease, or immune-related conditions should review their vaccination needs with a healthcare professional.
Conclusion
Keeping vaccinations up to date is an important part of adult preventive healthcare. Vaccines such as influenza, tetanus-containing vaccines, hepatitis vaccines, HPV, shingles, pneumococcal, and other immunizations may be appropriate at different stages of adulthood or for specific risk factors.
The right vaccination plan depends on your age, medical history, previous doses, lifestyle, and local public health recommendations. Review your records regularly, ask questions during routine checkups, and plan any required follow-up doses.
Take the next step: Bring your vaccination records to your next primary care appointment and ask which vaccines are due, which are recommended for your age and health, and whether you need any catch-up doses.
